Amateka yingufu zizuba

Imirasire y'izubaIngufu z'izuba ni iki? Amateka y'ingufu z'izuba

Mu mateka yose, ingufu z'izuba zahozeho mubuzima bwisi.Isoko yingufu yamye ningirakamaro mugutezimbere ubuzima.Igihe kirenze, ikiremwamuntu cyarushijeho kunoza ingamba zo kugikoresha.

Izuba ni ngombwa kugirango habeho ubuzima ku isi.Irashinzwe ukwezi kwamazi, fotosintezeza, nibindi.

Inkomoko zisubirwamo zingufu Ingero - (REBA IYI)
Imico ya mbere yabimenye kandi itezimbere tekinike yo gukoresha ingufu zabo nayo yarahindutse.

Ubwa mbere bari tekinike yo gukoresha ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba.Nyuma haje gutunganywa uburyo bwo gukoresha ingufu zizuba zituruka kumirasire yizuba.Nyuma, ingufu z'izuba zifotora zongerewe kugirango zibone ingufu z'amashanyarazi.

Ni ryari ingufu z'izuba zavumbuwe?
Izuba ryamye ari ikintu cyingenzi mugutezimbere ubuzima.Imico yambere cyane yagiye ikoresha inyungu itaziguye kandi itabizi.

Amateka yingufu zizuba Nyuma, umubare munini wimico yateye imbere yateje imbere amadini menshi yazengurukaga inyenyeri yizuba.Mubihe byinshi, ubwubatsi nabwo bwari bufitanye isano cyane nizuba.

Ingero ziyi mico twasanga mubugereki, Egiputa, Ingoma ya Inca, Mesopotamiya, Ingoma ya Aztec, nibindi.

Imirasire y'izuba
Abagereki babaye aba mbere mu gukoresha ingufu z'izuba zitambuka mu buryo bwumvikana.

Hafi, guhera mu mwaka wa 400 mbere ya Kristo, Abagereki batangiye gukora amazu yabo bazirikana imirasire y'izuba.Izi zari intangiriro yubwubatsi bwa bioclimatike.

Mugihe cy'ingoma y'Abaroma, ikirahuri cyakoreshejwe bwa mbere muri windows.Yakozwe kugirango yungukire kumucyo no gutega ubushyuhe bwizuba mumazu.Ndetse banashyizeho amategeko abigira igihano cyo guhagarika amashanyarazi ku baturanyi.

Abanyaroma ni bo babanje kubaka amazu y'ibirahure cyangwa pariki.Izi nyubako zituma hashyirwaho uburyo bukwiye bwo gukura kw'ibimera bidasanzwe cyangwa imbuto bazanye kure.Izi nyubako ziracyakoreshwa nubu.

Amateka yingufu zizuba

Ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha izuba bwabanje gukorwa na Archimedes.Mu bihangano bye bya gisirikare yashyizeho uburyo bwo gutwika amato y’amato y’abanzi.Tekinike yari igizwe no gukoresha indorerwamo kugirango yibande ku mirasire y'izuba ahantu hamwe.
Ubu buhanga bwakomeje kunonosorwa.Mu 1792, Lavoisier yakoze itanura ryizuba.Ryari rigizwe ninzira ebyiri zikomeye zerekanaga imirasire yizuba yibanze.

Mu 1874, umwongereza Charles Wilson yateguye kandi ayobora icyerekezo cyo gutandukanya amazi yinyanja.

Abakusanyirizaga izuba bavumbuwe ryari?Amateka y'ingufu z'izuba
Imirasire y'izuba ifite umwanya mu mateka y'ingufu z'izuba guhera mu mwaka wa 1767. Muri uyu mwaka, umuhanga mu Busuwisi Horace Bénédict De Saussure yahimbye igikoresho gishobora gupimwa imirasire y'izuba.Iterambere ryibindi byavumbuwe byatumye havuka ibikoresho byubu byo gupima imirasire yizuba.

Amateka yingufu zizubaHorace Bénédict De Saussure yari yaravumbuye icyegeranyo cyizuba kizagira ingaruka zikomeye mugutezimbere ingufu zubushyuhe buke buke.Kuva ibyo yahimbye bizavamo ibintu byose bizakurikiraho byamazi meza yizuba.Ivumburwa ryerekeye agasanduku gashyushye gakozwe mu biti no mu kirahure hagamijwe gufata ingufu z'izuba.

Mu 1865, umufaransa wahimbye Auguste Mouchout yakoze imashini ya mbere yahinduye ingufu z'izuba ingufu za mashini.Uburyo bwari bujyanye no kubyara umwuka binyuze mu gukusanya izuba.

Amateka yingufu zizuba za Photovoltaque.Ingirabuzimafatizo ya mbere ya Photovoltaque
Mu 1838 ingufu z'izuba zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zagaragaye mu mateka y'izuba.

Mu 1838, umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Abafaransa, Alexandre Edmond Becquerel yavumbuye ku nshuro ya mbere ingaruka zifotora.Becquerel yageragezaga selile ya electrolytike hamwe na electrode ya platine.Yatahuye ko kuyishyira ku zuba byongereye amashanyarazi.

Mu 1873, injeniyeri w’amashanyarazi w’icyongereza Willoughby Smith yavumbuye ingaruka zifotora mumashanyarazi akoresheje Selenium.

Charles Fritts (1850-1903) yari asanzwe akomoka muri Amerika.Yashimiwe gukora fotokeli ya mbere ku isi mu 1883. Igikoresho gihindura ingufu z'izuba amashanyarazi.

Fritts yateje imbere seleniyumu nk'ibikoresho bya semiconductor hamwe na zahabu yoroheje cyane.Ingirabuzimafatizo zavuyemo zitanga amashanyarazi kandi zifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura 1% gusa kubera imiterere ya seleniyumu.

Nyuma yimyaka mike, mu 1877, umwongereza William Grylls Adams Professor hamwe numunyeshuri we Richard Evans Day, bavumbuye ko iyo bashyize seleniyumu kumucyo, byabyaye amashanyarazi.Muri ubu buryo, baremye selile ya mbere ya sevolium selile.

Amateka yingufu zizuba

Mu 1953, Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson, na Daryl Chapin bavumbuye ingirabuzimafatizo y'izuba muri Bell Labs.Iyi selile yabyaye amashanyarazi ahagije kandi yari ikora bihagije kugirango ikoreshe ibikoresho bito byamashanyarazi.

Aleksandr Stoletov yubatse ingirabuzimafatizo ya mbere y'izuba ashingiye ku ngaruka z'amashanyarazi yo hanze.Yagereranije kandi igihe cyo gusubiza amashanyarazi ariho.

Ibicuruzwa bifotora biboneka mubucuruzi ntibyagaragaye kugeza 1956. Ariko, igiciro cyizuba PV cyari kinini cyane kubantu benshi.Nko mu 1970, igiciro c'amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba cyaragabanutse hafi 80%.

Kuki gukoresha ingufu z'izuba byahagaritswe by'agateganyo?
Haje ibicanwa biva mu kirere, ingufu z'izuba zatakaje akamaro.Iterambere ry’izuba ryatewe n’igiciro gito cy’amakara na peteroli no gukoresha ingufu zidasubirwaho.

Ubwiyongere bw'inganda z'izuba bwari hejuru kugeza hagati ya 50′s.Muri iki gihe ikiguzi cyo gukuramo ibicanwa nka gaze gasanzwe hamwe namakara byari bike cyane.Kubera iyo mpamvu, gukoresha ingufu za fosile byabaye ingirakamaro cyane nkisoko yingufu no kubyara ubushyuhe.Imirasire y'izuba noneho yabonwaga ko ihenze kandi yaratereranywe hagamijwe inganda.

Ni iki cyatumye ingufu z'izuba zongera kubaho?
Amateka yingufu zizuba Gutererana, kubikorwa bifatika, izuba ryarakomeje kugeza muri 70′s.Impamvu zubukungu zongeye gushyira ingufu zizuba mumwanya wingenzi mumateka.

Muri iyo myaka, ibiciro by'ibicanwa byazamutse.Uku kwiyongera kwatumye hongera kubaho gukoresha ingufu z'izuba mu gushyushya amazu n'amazi, ndetse no kubyara amashanyarazi.Ikibaho cya Photovoltaque ni ingirakamaro cyane kumazu adafite umurongo wa gride.

Usibye igiciro, byari biteje akaga kubera ko gutwikwa nabi bishobora kubyara imyuka yubumara.

Ubushyuhe bwa mbere bwo gushyushya amazi yo mu rugo bwatanzwe mu 1891 na Clarence Kemp.Charles Greeley Abbot mu 1936 yahimbye icyuma gishyushya amazi.

Intambara yo mu kigobe cya 1990 yarushijeho kongera ingufu mu mirasire y'izuba nk'uburyo bushoboka bwa peteroli.

Ibihugu byinshi byiyemeje guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ry’izuba.Ahanini kugerageza guhindura ibibazo byibidukikije bikomoka ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere.

Kugeza ubu, hariho imirasire y'izuba igezweho nka panneaux solaire.Izi sisitemu nshya zirakora neza kandi zihendutse.