Imirasire y'izuba ni ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose buturuka ku zuba.

Imirasire y'izuba iterwa no guhuza ingufu za kirimbuzi zibera ku zuba.Ihuriro riba iyo proton ya atome ya hydrogène igonganye bikabije mu zuba ryizuba hanyuma igahuza gukora atome ya helium.

Iyi nzira, izwi nka PP (proton-proton) urunigi, itanga imbaraga nyinshi.Muri rusange, izuba rihuza toni zigera kuri miliyoni 620 za hydrogène buri segonda.Urunigi rwa PP ruboneka mu zindi nyenyeri zingana n'ubunini bw'izuba ryacu, kandi zikabaha imbaraga n'ubushyuhe bikomeza.Ubushyuhe kuri ziriya nyenyeri bugera kuri dogere miliyoni 4 ku gipimo cya Kelvin (hafi dogere selisiyusi miliyoni 4, dogere miliyoni 7 Fahrenheit).

Mu nyenyeri zikubye inshuro 1,3 kurenza izuba, inzinguzingo ya CNO itera kurema imbaraga.Inzira ya CNO nayo ihindura hydrogene kuri helium, ariko yishingikiriza kuri karubone, azote, na ogisijeni (C, N, na O) kubikora.Kugeza ubu, munsi yijana kwijana ryingufu zizuba zakozwe numuzenguruko wa CNO.

Ihuriro rya kirimbuzi ryakozwe na PP cyangwa urwego rwa CNO rurekura imbaraga nyinshi muburyo bwimivumba nuduce.Imirasire y'izuba ihora itemba kure y'izuba no mu zuba.Imirasire y'izuba ishyushya Isi, itera umuyaga nikirere, kandi ikomeza ubuzima bwibimera ninyamaswa.

Ingufu, ubushyuhe, numucyo bituruka ku zuba bitemba muburyo bwimirasire ya electronique (EMR).

Ikirangantego cya electromagnetiki kibaho nkumurongo wumurongo utandukanye nuburebure bwumurongo.Inshuro yumuraba yerekana inshuro zingahe zisubiramo mugice runaka cyigihe.Imiraba ifite uburebure buke cyane yisubiramo inshuro nyinshi mugice runaka cyigihe, bityo rero ni inshuro nyinshi.Ibinyuranyo, imirongo mike yumurongo ifite uburebure burebure.

Umubare munini wa electromagnetic waves ntituboneka.Imiraba myinshi ikwirakwizwa nizuba ni imirasire ya gamma, X-imirasire, nimirasire ya ultraviolet (imirasire ya UV).Imirasire yangiza cyane ya UV yakirwa rwose nikirere cyisi.Imirasire ya UV idafite imbaraga zinyura mu kirere, kandi irashobora gutera izuba.

Izuba kandi risohora imirasire ya infragre, imiraba yayo ikaba ari munsi-yumurongo.Ubushyuhe bwinshi buturuka ku zuba bugera nkingufu zidasanzwe.

Sandwiched hagati ya infragre na UV nikigaragara cyerekana, kirimo amabara yose tubona kwisi.Ibara ry'umutuku rifite uburebure burebure (hafi ya infragre), na violet (hafi ya UV) ngufi.

Imirasire y'izuba

Ingaruka ya Greenhouse
Imirase ya infragre, igaragara, na UV igera kwisi igira uruhare mugikorwa cyo gushyushya isi no gutuma ubuzima bushoboka - ibyo bita "ingaruka za parike."

Hafi ya 30 ku ijana yingufu zizuba zigera kwisi zigaragarira mu kirere.Ibisigaye byinjiye mu kirere cy'isi.Imirasire ishyushya isi, kandi hejuru irasa ingufu zimwe zisubira inyuma muburyo bwimiraba.Iyo zizamutse mu kirere, zifatwa na gaze ya parike, nk'umwuka w'amazi na dioxyde de carbone.

Imyuka ya parike ifata ubushyuhe bugaruka hejuru yikirere.Muri ubu buryo, bakora nkurukuta rwikirahure cya parike.Ingaruka ya parike ituma isi ishyuha bihagije kugirango ibeho ubuzima.

Photosynthesis
Ubuzima hafi ya bwose ku isi bushingira ku mbaraga z'izuba ku biribwa, haba mu buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye.

Abakora ibicuruzwa bashingira ku mbaraga z'izuba.Bakurura urumuri rw'izuba bakaruhindura intungamubiri binyuze munzira yitwa fotosintezeza.Abaproducer, nanone bita autotrophs, barimo ibimera, algae, bagiteri, nibihumyo.Autotrophs nurufatiro rwurubuga rwibiryo.

Abaguzi bishingikiriza ku bakora intungamubiri.Ibimera, inyamanswa, byose, hamwe na detritivores bishingira ingufu z'izuba mu buryo butaziguye.Ibimera byarya ibimera nabandi bakora.Inyamanswa n'ibishobora byose zirya ababyara ibyatsi n'ibimera.Detritivores ibora ibimera ninyamaswa mu kuyikoresha.

Ibicanwa
Photosynthesis nayo ishinzwe ibicanwa byose bya fosile kwisi.Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuga ko mu myaka igera kuri miriyari eshatu ishize, moteri ya mbere yagiye ihinduka mu mazi.Imirasire y'izuba yemereye ubuzima bwibimera gutera imbere no guhinduka.Autotrophs imaze gupfa, yaraboze kandi yimukira mu Isi, rimwe na rimwe metero ibihumbi.Iyi nzira yarakomeje imyaka miriyoni.

Mumuvuduko mwinshi nubushyuhe bwinshi, ibi bisigazwa byabaye ibyo tuzi nkibicanwa bya fosile.Ibinyabuzima byabaye peteroli, gaze karemano, namakara.

Abantu bakoze uburyo bwo gukuramo ibyo bicanwa no kubikoresha ingufu.Nyamara, ibicanwa biva mu kirere ni umutungo udasubirwaho.Bafata imyaka miriyoni yo gushinga.

Gukoresha ingufu z'izuba

Imirasire y'izuba ni umutungo ushobora kuvugururwa, kandi tekinoroji nyinshi irashobora kuyisarura mu buryo butaziguye kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu ngo, mu bucuruzi, mu mashuri, no mu bitaro.Tekinoroji zimwe na zimwe zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zirimo selile na paneli, ingufu z'izuba, hamwe n'ubwubatsi bw'izuba.

Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gufata imirasire yizuba no kuyihindura ingufu zikoreshwa.Uburyo bukoresha ingufu z'izuba zikora cyangwa ingufu zituruka ku mirasire y'izuba.

Ikoranabuhanga rikoresha izuba rikoresha ibikoresho byamashanyarazi cyangwa imashini kugirango ihindure ingufu zizuba mubundi buryo bwingufu, akenshi ubushyuhe cyangwa amashanyarazi.Tekinoroji yizuba ya pasiporo ntabwo ikoresha ibikoresho byose byo hanze.Ahubwo, bifashisha ikirere cyaho kugirango bashushe ubushyuhe mugihe cyitumba, kandi bagaragaza ubushyuhe mugihe cyizuba.

Amashusho

Photovoltaics ni uburyo bwa tekinoroji ikora izuba yavumbuwe mu 1839 n’umuhanga mu bya fiziki w’Abafaransa Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel w’imyaka 19.Becquerel yavumbuye ko igihe yashyiraga ifeza-chloride mu gisubizo cya acide akayishyira ku zuba, electrode ya platine yometse kuri yo yabyaye amashanyarazi.Ubu buryo bwo kubyara amashanyarazi biturutse ku mirasire y'izuba byitwa ingaruka ya Photovoltaque, cyangwa Photovoltaque.

Uyu munsi, Photovoltaics birashoboka ko aribwo buryo bumenyerewe bwo gukoresha ingufu z'izuba.Imirasire ya Photovoltaque isanzwe ikubiyemo imirasire y'izuba, icyegeranyo cy'izuba ryinshi cyangwa amagana.

Buri selile yizuba irimo semiconductor, ubusanzwe ikozwe muri silicon.Iyo igice cya kabiri gikurura urumuri rw'izuba, gikubita electroni.Umuriro w'amashanyarazi uyobora electroni zidegembya mumashanyarazi, zitemba mucyerekezo kimwe.Guhuza ibyuma hejuru no hepfo ya selile yizuba iyobora iyo miyoboro kubintu byo hanze.Ikintu cyo hanze gishobora kuba gito nka calculatrice ikoresha izuba cyangwa nini nka sitasiyo.

Photovoltaics yakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu cyogajuru.Satelite nyinshi, harimo na sitasiyo mpuzamahanga (ISS), igaragaramo "amababa" yerekana imirasire y'izuba.ISS ifite amababa abiri yizuba (SAWs), buri imwe ikoresha ingirabuzimafatizo zigera ku 33.000.Izi selile zifotora zitanga amashanyarazi kuri ISS, zemerera abahanga mu kirere gukora sitasiyo, gutura mumwanya mumezi icyarimwe, kandi bagakora ubushakashatsi mubuhanga nubuhanga.

Amashanyarazi ya Photovoltaque yubatswe kwisi yose.Sitasiyo nini ziri muri Amerika, Ubuhinde, n'Ubushinwa.Izi sitasiyo z'amashanyarazi zisohora megawatt amagana z'amashanyarazi, zikoreshwa mu gutanga amazu, ubucuruzi, amashuri, n'ibitaro.

Tekinoroji ya Photovoltaque irashobora kandi gushyirwaho kurwego ruto.Imirasire y'izuba hamwe na selile birashobora gushyirwaho hejuru yinzu cyangwa kurukuta rwinyuma yinyubako, bigatanga amashanyarazi kubwubatsi.Birashobora gushirwa kumihanda igana mumihanda minini.Imirasire y'izuba ni ntoya bihagije kugirango ikoreshe ibikoresho bito, nka calculatrice, metero zihagarara, imashini zangiza, hamwe na pompe y'amazi.

Imirasire y'izuba

Ubundi bwoko bwa tekinoroji ikora izuba ni ingufu zizuba cyangwa ingufu zizuba (CSP).Tekinoroji ya CSP ikoresha lens hamwe nindorerwamo kugirango yibande (kwibanda) urumuri rwizuba kuva ahantu hanini mukarere gato cyane.Aka gace gakomeye k'imirasire gashyushya amazi, nayo ikabyara amashanyarazi cyangwa igatera indi nzira.

Itanura ryizuba ni urugero rwingufu zizuba.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwitanura ryizuba, harimo iminara yizuba, imigezi ya parabolike, hamwe na Fresnel.Bakoresha uburyo bumwe muri rusange gufata no guhindura ingufu.

Imirasire y'izuba ikoresha heliostats, indorerwamo ziringaniye zihinduka zikurikira izuba ryizuba mu kirere.Indorerwamo zitondekanye hafi y '“umunara wo gukusanya,” kandi zigaragaza urumuri rw'izuba mu mucyo mwinshi urumuri rumurikira ku munara.

Mu bishushanyo mbonera by’iminara y’izuba, urumuri rwizuba rwashyushye ikintu cyamazi, cyabyara amavuta akoresha turbine.Vuba aha, iminara yizuba ikoresha imashanyarazi ya sodium, ifite ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi ikagumana ubushyuhe mugihe kirekire.Ibi bivuze ko ayo mazi atagera gusa ku bushyuhe bwa 773 kugeza kuri 1,273K (500 ° kugeza 1.000 ° C cyangwa 932 ° kugeza 1.832 ° F), ariko irashobora gukomeza guteka amazi no kubyara ingufu nubwo izuba ritaka.

Imiyoboro ya parabolike hamwe na Fresnel yerekana kandi ikoresha CSP, ariko indorerwamo zabo zakozwe muburyo butandukanye.Indorerwamo za parabolike ziragoramye, zifite ishusho isa nigitereko.Imirasire ya Fresnel ikoresha imirongo iringaniye, yoroheje yindorerwamo kugirango ifate urumuri rwizuba hanyuma ikuyobore kumuyoboro wamazi.Imashanyarazi ya Fresnel ifite ubuso burenze ubw'imigozi ya parabolike kandi irashobora kwegeranya ingufu zizuba inshuro zigera kuri 30 ubukana bwayo busanzwe.

Amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba yatunganijwe bwa mbere mu myaka ya za 1980.Ikigo kinini ku isi ni urukurikirane rw'ibimera mu butayu bwa Mojave muri leta ya Californiya yo muri Amerika.Iyi sisitemu itanga ingufu z'izuba (SEGS) itanga amashanyarazi arenga 650 gigawatt-yumwaka.Ibindi bimera binini kandi byiza byatejwe imbere muri Espagne no mu Buhinde.

Imirasire y'izuba yibanze irashobora kandi gukoreshwa murwego ruto.Irashobora kubyara ubushyuhe kubateka izuba, kurugero.Abantu mumidugudu kwisi yose bakoresha imirasire yizuba kugirango bateke amazi yisuku no guteka ibiryo.

Abateka imirasire y'izuba batanga ibyiza byinshi kuruta amashyiga yaka inkwi: Ntabwo ari inkongi y'umuriro, ntabwo itanga umwotsi, ntisaba lisansi, kandi igabanya gutakaza aho gutura mumashyamba aho ibiti byasarurwa kugirango bibe lisansi.Abateka imirasire y'izuba kandi yemerera abaturage gukurikirana igihe cyo kwiga, ubucuruzi, ubuzima, cyangwa umuryango mugihe cyakoreshwaga mugukusanya inkwi.Imirasire y'izuba ikoreshwa mubice bitandukanye nka Tchad, Isiraheli, Ubuhinde, na Peru.

Imirasire y'izuba

Mu gihe cyumunsi wose, ingufu zizuba nimwe mubikorwa byo gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, cyangwa kwimuka kwubushyuhe buva ahantu hashyushye bugana ahakonje.Iyo izuba rirashe, ritangira gushyushya ibintu nibintu ku isi.Umunsi wose, ibyo bikoresho bikurura ubushyuhe buturuka ku mirasire y'izuba.Mwijoro, iyo izuba rirenze ikirere kimaze gukonja, ibikoresho bisohora ubushyuhe bwabyo mukirere.

Tekinike yingufu zituruka ku zuba zikoresha ubu buryo bwo gushyushya no gukonjesha.

Amazu nizindi nyubako zikoresha ingufu zituruka kumirasire yizuba kugirango ikwirakwize ubushyuhe neza kandi bidahenze.Kubara inyubako ya "misa yubushyuhe" ni urugero rwibi.Inyubako yubushyuhe bwinyubako nigice kinini cyibikoresho bishyushye umunsi wose.Ingero zubushyuhe bwinyubako ni ibiti, ibyuma, beto, ibumba, ibuye, cyangwa ibyondo.Mwijoro, misa yubushyuhe irekura ubushyuhe bwayo mucyumba.Sisitemu nziza yo guhumeka - koridoro, amadirishya, hamwe numuyoboro wumwuka - bikwirakwiza umwuka ushyushye kandi bigumana ubushyuhe buringaniye, buhoraho.

Tekinoroji yizuba ya pasiporo ikunze kugira uruhare mugushushanya inyubako.Kurugero, mugice cyo gutegura ubwubatsi, injeniyeri cyangwa umwubatsi arashobora guhuza inyubako n'inzira ya buri munsi kugirango yakire izuba ryinshi.Ubu buryo bwita ku burebure, ubutumburuke, hamwe nibicu bisanzwe bitwikiriye agace runaka.Byongeye kandi, inyubako zirashobora kubakwa cyangwa guhindurwa kugirango zigire ubushyuhe bwumuriro, ubwinshi bwumuriro, cyangwa igicucu cyiyongereye.

Izindi ngero zububiko bwizuba bworoshye ni ibisenge byiza, inzitizi zumucyo, nigisenge kibisi.Ibisenge bikonje bisize irangi, kandi byerekana imirasire yizuba aho kubyakira.Ubuso bwera bugabanya ubushyuhe bugera imbere mu nyubako, ari nabwo bugabanya ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo inyubako ikonje.

Inzitizi zumucyo zikora kimwe nigisenge gikonje.Batanga insulasiyo nibikoresho byerekana cyane, nka aluminiyumu.Urupapuro rugaragaza, aho gukurura, ubushyuhe, kandi rushobora kugabanya ibiciro byo gukonja kugeza 10%.Usibye ibisenge n'ibisenge, inzitizi zumucyo zishobora no gushyirwaho munsi ya etage.

Igisenge kibisi ni ibisenge byuzuyeho ibimera.Bakenera ubutaka no kuhira kugirango bashyigikire ibimera, hamwe n’amazi adafite amazi munsi.Igisenge kibisi ntigabanya gusa ubushyuhe bwakiriwe cyangwa cyatakaye, ahubwo gitanga ibimera.Binyuze kuri fotosintezeza, ibimera hejuru yinzu yicyatsi bikurura karubone kandi bigatanga ogisijeni.Zungurura umwanda mumazi yimvura numwuka, kandi bikuraho zimwe mungaruka zo gukoresha ingufu muri uwo mwanya.

Igisenge kibisi cyabaye umuco muri Scandinaviya mu binyejana byinshi, kandi giherutse kumenyekana muri Ositaraliya, Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba, Kanada, na Amerika.Kurugero, Isosiyete ikora moteri ya Ford yatwikiriye metero kare 42.000 (metero kare 450.000) yibisenge byayo byateranirijwe i Dearborn, muri leta ya Michigan, hamwe nibimera.Usibye kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ibisenge bigabanya amazi yimvura ikuramo santimetero nyinshi yimvura.

Igisenge kibisi hamwe nigisenge gikonje birashobora kandi kurwanya ingaruka z "umujyi wubushyuhe bwo mumujyi".Mu mijyi ihuze cyane, ubushyuhe burashobora kuba buri hejuru kurenza uturere dukikije.Ibintu byinshi bigira uruhare muri ibi: Imijyi yubatswe mubikoresho nka asfalt na beto ikurura ubushyuhe;inyubako ndende zibuza umuyaga n'ingaruka zayo zo gukonjesha;nubushyuhe bwinshi bwimyanda itangwa ninganda, traffic, nabantu benshi.Gukoresha umwanya uboneka hejuru kurusenge kugirango utere ibiti, cyangwa ugaragaza ubushyuhe hamwe nigisenge cyera, birashobora kugabanya igice cyiyongera ryubushyuhe bwaho mumijyi.

Imirasire y'izuba n'abantu

Kubera ko urumuri rw'izuba rumurika hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'umunsi mu bice byinshi by'isi, tekinoroji y'izuba igomba gushyiramo uburyo bwo kubika ingufu mu masaha y'umwijima.

Sisitemu yubushyuhe bukoresha ibishashara bya paraffin cyangwa uburyo butandukanye bwumunyu kugirango ubike ingufu muburyo bwubushyuhe.Sisitemu ya Photovoltaque irashobora kohereza amashanyarazi arenze kuri gride yaho, cyangwa kubika ingufu muri bateri zishishwa.

Hariho ibyiza n'ibibi byinshi byo gukoresha ingufu z'izuba.

Ibyiza
Inyungu nyamukuru yo gukoresha ingufu zizuba nuko ari umutungo ushobora kuvugururwa.Tuzagira itara rihoraho, ritagira umupaka wizuba ryindi myaka miriyari eshanu.Mu isaha imwe, ikirere cyisi cyakira urumuri rwizuba ruhagije kugirango rukoreshe amashanyarazi ya buri muntu kwisi kwisi umwaka.

Imirasire y'izuba isukuye.Nyuma yuko ibikoresho byikoranabuhanga byizuba byubatswe bigashyirwaho, ingufu zizuba ntizikenera lisansi kugirango ikore.Ntabwo kandi isohora imyuka ya parike cyangwa ibikoresho byuburozi.Gukoresha ingufu z'izuba birashobora kugabanya cyane ingaruka dufite kubidukikije.

Hariho ahantu ingufu z'izuba zifatika.Amazu ninyubako mubice bifite urumuri rwinshi rwizuba hamwe nigicu gito gifite amahirwe yo gukoresha ingufu nyinshi zizuba.

Imirasire y'izuba itanga ubundi buryo bwiza bwo guteka hamwe n'amashyiga akoreshwa mu biti - abantu miliyari ebyiri baracyashingiraho.Abateka izuba batanga inzira isukuye kandi yizewe yo kweza amazi no guteka ibiryo.

Imirasire y'izuba yuzuza izindi mbaraga zishobora kuvugururwa, nk'umuyaga cyangwa ingufu z'amashanyarazi.

Amazu cyangwa ubucuruzi bushyiraho imirasire yizuba irashobora kubyara amashanyarazi arenze.Aba nyiri amazu cyangwa ba nyir'ubucuruzi barashobora kugurisha ingufu kubatanga amashanyarazi, kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho fagitire z'amashanyarazi.

Ibibi
Inzitizi nyamukuru yo gukoresha ingufu zizuba nibikoresho bisabwa.Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga ry'izuba bihenze.Kugura no gushiraho ibikoresho birashobora gutwara ibihumbi icumi byamadorari kumazu kugiti cye.Nubwo leta ikunze gutanga imisoro yagabanijwe kubantu nubucuruzi hakoreshejwe ingufu zizuba, kandi ikoranabuhanga rishobora gukuraho fagitire y amashanyarazi, igiciro cyambere kirakabije kuburyo benshi batabitekereza.

Ibikoresho bitanga ingufu z'izuba nabyo biraremereye.Kugirango uhindure cyangwa ushyireho imirasire y'izuba hejuru yinzu, igisenge kigomba kuba gikomeye, kinini, kandi cyerekeje inzira yizuba.

Ikoranabuhanga ryizuba rikora kandi ryoroshye biterwa nibintu bitaduturutseho, nk'ikirere ndetse n'ibicu bitwikiriye.Ibice byaho bigomba kwigwa kugirango hamenyekane niba ingufu zizuba zagira akamaro muri kariya gace.

Imirasire y'izuba igomba kuba myinshi kandi ihamye kugirango ingufu z'izuba zibe amahitamo meza.Ahantu henshi kwisi, urumuri rwizuba rutuma bigorana kubishyira mubikorwa nkisoko yonyine yingufu.