Ingufu z'izuba ni ubwoko bwingufu zakozwe nizuba.

Ingufu z'izuba zakozwe na Fusion ya kirimbuzi zibera ku zuba. Fusion ibaho iyo protoroni ya atome igonganye cyane muri core yizuba kandi fuse kugirango ukore atom ya helium.

Iyi nzira, izwi nka PP (Proton-Proton) Urunigi, asohora imbaraga nyinshi. Muri rusange, izuba rihungabanya toni miliyoni 620 za hydrogen buri segonda. Urunigi rwa PP rubaho mu zindi nyenyeri zingana n'izuba ryacu, kandi ibaha imbaraga n'ubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe kuri izi nyenyeri ni dogere miliyoni 4 kurugero rwa Kelvin (hafi miliyoni 4 za selisiyusi, miliyoni 7 za dogere miliyoni).

Mu nyenyeri zigera kuri 1.3 ziruta izuba, ukwezi kwa CNTI zitwara ingufu. Umuzingo wa CNO nawe uhindura hydrogène kuri helium, ariko yishingikiriza kuri karubone, azote, na ogisijeni (c, n, na O) kubikora. Kugeza ubu, munsi ya kabiri ku ijana yingufu zizuba zakozwe na CNO.

Fusion Fusion na PP Urunigi Igisubizo cyangwa Cno cycle irekura imbaraga nyinshi muburyo bwimiraba nigice. Ingufu z'izuba zihora ziva izuba no mu mirasire y'izuba. Ingufu z'izuba zishyushya isi, itera umuyaga n'ikirere, kandi ikomeza ubuzima bwibimera nubuzima.

Imbaraga, ubushyuhe, n'umucyo biva izuba riva muburyo bwa electomagnetic imirasire (EMR).

Spectrocrum ya electromagnetic ibaho nkumuraba winshuro zitandukanye hamwe nuburebure bwumuraba. Inshuro zumuhengeri ugereranya inshuro nyinshi umuraba usubiramo mugihe runaka. Imiraba ifite uburebure buke cyane bwisubiramo inshuro nyinshi mugice cyatanzwe, bityo rero ni byinshi-inshuro. Ibinyuranye, imiraba yo hasi-imirongo ifite uburebure burebure.

Umubare munini wibihe bya electromagnetic ntabwo bitumvikana kuri twe. Imirongo myinshi-imirongo isohoka nizuba ni imirasire ya gamma, x-imirasire, hamwe nimirasire ya ultraviolet (uv rays). Imirasire yangiza cyane uv hafi yishingirwaho rwose ninyenyeri yisi. Imirasire idakomeye uv izenguruka ikirere, kandi irashobora gutera izuba.

Izuba kandi risohora imirasire ya infrared, imiraba ye iri hasi cyane. Ubushyuhe bwinshi buva izuba rigera nkimbaraga za infrad.

Sandwiched hagati ya infrared na uv nigikoresho kigaragara, kirimo amabara yose tubona kwisi. Ibara ritukura rifite uburebure burebure bwumuraba (hafi ya infrared), na violet (hafi ya UV) ngufi.

Ingufu z'izuba

Ingaruka ya Greenhouse
Umuhengeri wa infrared, ugaragara, na UV ugera ku isi bitabira inzira yo gushyushya isi kandi bigatuma ubuzima bushoboka - ibyo bita "urufatiro rwa parike."

Hafi 30 ku ijana by'ingufu z'izuba zigera ku isi zigaragarira mu kirere. Ibisigaye byinjijwe mu kirere cy'isi. Imirasire idususurutsa isi, kandi ubuso burasa n'imbaraga zimwe na zimwe inyuma muburyo bwamazu ya infrared. Mugihe bazutse mu kirere, bafunzwe imyuka ya parike, nk'imyuka y'amazi na dioxyde de carbone.

Greenhouse gaze yaka umutego ugaragaza inyuma mu kirere. Muri ubu buryo, bakora nk'inkike z'ikirahure z'icyatsi kibisi. Ingaruka ya parike ituma isi ishyushye bihagije kugirango ubuzima bukomeze.

Yamazaki
Hafi yubuzima bwose kwisi bushingiye ku mbaraga z'izuba kubiryo, haba mu buryo butaziguye cyangwa butaziguye.

Abakora ibicuruzwa byishingikirije ku mbaraga z'izuba. Bakurura urumuri rwizuba bakayihindura intungamubiri binyuze muburyo bwitwa fotosintezeza. Abakora ibicuruzwa, nanone bita Autotrophs, harimo ibimera, algae, bagiteri, na fungi. Autotrophs ni ishingiro ryurubuga rwibiribwa.

Abaguzi bishingikiriza ku bakozi ku ngoro. Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, na Detritivores bashingiye ku mbaraga z'izuba mu buryo butaziguye. Ibyatsi birya ibimera nibindi bitunganya. Carnivores na Omnivores barya abaproducer nibyatsi. Detritivores kubora ibihingwa nibibazo byinyamanswa mugutwara.

Ibicanwa
Yamazaki kandi ni yo nyirabayazana y'ibice byose byo ku isi. Abahanga bavuga ko hashize imyaka miliyari eshatu ishize, autotrophs ya mbere yahindutse mu mazi. Imirasire y'izuba yemeye ubuzima bwo gutera imbere no guhinduka. Autotrophs apfuye, baraboroga kandi bahindura cyane kwisi, rimwe na rimwe metero ibihumbi. Iyi nzira yakomeje imyaka miriyoni.

Mugitutu gikomeye nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ibi bisigaye byabaye ibyo tuzi nkibintu byamashyamba. Microorganism yabaye peteroli, gaze karemano, n'amakara.

Abantu bateje imbere inzira zo gukuramo aya mashyamba no kubikoresha kubwingufu. Ariko, ibihangano byamashyamba ni umutungo udahungabana. Bafata imyaka miriyoni kugirango imeze.

Gukoresha Ingufu z'izuba

Ingufu z'izuba ni umutungo ukongwa ushobora kongerwa, kandi ikoranabuhanga rishobora gusarura mu buryo butaziguye gukoreshwa mu ngo, ubucuruzi, amashuri, n'ibitaro. Ikoranabuhanga ryizuba ryizuba ririmo selile na panevuyili, ingufu zizuba ryinshi, nizuba ryinshi.

Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwo gufata imirasire yizuba no kuyihindura imbaraga zikoreshwa. Uburyo bukoresha haba mu mbaraga zikora cyangwa ingufu zizuba.

Imyidagaduro ikora imyitozo ikoresha ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi cyangwa imashini kugira ngo uhindure ingufu z'izuba mu bundi buryo bw'ingufu, akenshi ubushyuhe cyangwa amashanyarazi. Ikoranabuhanga ryimirasire yizuba ntabwo rikoresha ibikoresho byose byo hanze. Ahubwo, bakoresheje ikirere cyaho kubushyuhe mugihe cyitumba, kandi bakagaragaza ubushyuhe mugihe cyizuba.

PhotoVeltaics

PhotoVelleTics nuburyo bwikoranabuhanga ryizuba ryavumbuwe mu 1839 bitarenze kuba umuganga wimyaka 19 Alexandre-Edmond Becquel. Becquerel yavumbuye ko iyo ashyize chloride ya silver-chloric mu gisubizo cya acide kandi igaragara ku zuba, electrode ya platine yometseho yabyaye amashanyarazi. Iyi nzira yo kubyara amashanyarazi kuva imirasire yizuba yitwa ingaruka za Photovelul, cyangwa PhotoVelleTics.

Uyu munsi, PhotoVelleTelicaics birashoboka ko aribwo buryo bumenyerewe cyane bwo gukoresha ingufu z'izuba. Gutoranya ibinyabiziga bikubiyemo imirasire y'izuba, icyegeranyo cya selile nyinshi cyangwa amagana.

Buri selile yizuba irimo semiconductor, mubisanzwe ikozwe muri silicon. Iyo semicnductor akurura urumuri rwizuba, ikomanga electrons irekuye. Umwanya w'amashanyarazi uyobora aya electron ya electron ihindagurika, itemba mu cyerekezo kimwe. Itumanaho ryicyuma hejuru no hepfo yizuba ryerekeza kuri iki gihe nikintu cyo hanze. Ikintu cyo hanze gishobora kuba gito nkibarura ryizuba cyangwa rinini nka sitasiyo yamashanyarazi.

PhotoVolToltaics yabanje gukoreshwa cyane kubwoya. Satelite nyinshi, harimo na Sitasiyo Mpuzamahanga (ISS), iranga "amababa yagutse, yerekana" amababa y'izuba. Iss ifite amababa abiri akurikirana amababa (sawws), buri wese akoresha ingirabuzimafatizo zigera ku 33.000. Iyi selile ya Photovoltaic itanga amashanyarazi yose, yemerera icyogajuru gukora kuri sitasiyo, ubaho neza mumwanya amezi icyarimwe, hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi nubwubatsi.

Amashanyarazi ya PhotoVoltaic yubatswe kwisi yose. Sitasiyo nini iri muri Amerika, Ubuhinde, n'Ubushinwa. Izi mpandesha ku mashanyarazi za Megawatts zo muri Megawatt y'Amashanyarazi, zikoreshwa mu gutanga amazu, ubucuruzi, amashuri, n'ibitaro.

Ikoranabuhanga rya PhotoVoltaic rirashobora kandi gushyirwaho kurwego ruto. Imirasire y'izuba hamwe na selile irashobora gutondekwa kumesa cyangwa inkuta zo hanze z'inyubako, zitanga amashanyarazi ku nyubako. Bashobora gushyirwa kumuhanda mumihanda minini. Ingirabuzimafatiro y'izuba ni nto bihagije ku bushobozi n'ibikoresho bito, nko kubara, metero ziparika, abatera b'imyanda, hamwe na pompe y'amazi.

Ingufu z'izuba

Ubundi bwoko bwikoranabuhanga ryizuba ryibanze ryizuba cyangwa imbaraga zizuba (CSP). Ikoranabuhanga rya CSP rikoresha lens hamwe nindorerwamo kugirango twibande (kwibanda) urumuri rwizuba ruva ahantu hanini ahantu hanini cyane. Ahantu hakomeye k'imirasire ishyuha amazi, nayo iteza amashanyarazi cyangwa guswera ikindi gikorwa.

Iheniro ryizuba ni urugero rwizuba ryibanze. Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwimirasi yimirasi, harimo imiruru mivu, inkoni ya parabolic, hamwe nibisobanuro bya Fresnel. Bakoresha uburyo bumwe muri rusange bwo gufata no guhindura ingufu.

Imiyoboro y'izuba ikoresha Heliostats, indorerwamo zishimishije zo gukurikira Arc izuba rinyuze mu kirere. Indorerwamo zitunganijwe hafi "umunara wa mugenzi wawe," kandi ugaragaze urumuri rw'izuba mu rumuri rwibanze rumurikira ingingo yibanze ku munara.

Mubishushanyo byabanjirije imirasire y'izuba, urumuri rwinshi rwibanze rwasize ikintu cyamazi, cyabyaye igihuru cyateguwe na turbine. Vuba aha, imiryango imwe y'izuba ikoresha sodium y'amazi, ifite ubushobozi buhanitse bwo ku bushyuhe kandi igumana ubushyuhe mu gihe kirekire. Ibi bivuze ko amazi adagera gusa ubushyuhe bwa 773 gusa kuri 1.273k (500 ° kugeza 1.000 ° kugeza 1.80 ° kuri 1.832 °, ariko birashobora gukomeza guteka amazi no kubyara imbaraga nubwo izuba ridamurika.

Ikiraro cya parabolike na Fresnel byerekana kandi CSP, ariko indorerwamo zabo zirashishikarizwa ukundi. Indorerwamo za parabolike zigoramye, hamwe nuburyo busa nindogobe. Ibitekerezo bya Fresnel bikoresha indorerwamo iringaniye, binini kugirango ufate urumuri rwizuba kandi ubiyobore kumurongo wamazi. Ibigaragaza fresnel bifite ahantu henshi hejuru yigituba cya parabolike kandi gishobora kwibanda ku mbuto zizuba inshuro zigera kuri 30.

Ibimera byizuba byizuba byateye imbere bwa mbere mu myaka ya za 1980. Ikigo kinini ku isi ni urukurikirane rw'ibimera mu butayu bwa Mojave muri Leta ya Amerika ya Californiya. Iyi sisitemu yizuba ryizuba (SGGS) itanga amasaha arenga 650 ya gigawatt-amasaha ya gigawatt-buri mwaka. Ibindi bimera binini kandi bifatika byateguwe muri Espagne no mubuhinde.

Imbaraga zizuba ryibanze kandi zirashobora gukoreshwa kurwego ruto. Irashobora kubyara ubushyuhe bwo guteka kwizuba, urugero. Abantu mumidugudu kwisi yose bakoresha abatetse izuba kugirango bateke amazi yisuku no guteka ibiryo.

Abateka b'izuba batanga ibyiza byinshi ku mapari yaka ibiti: ntabwo ari akaga k'umuriro, ntugasarire amavuta y'umuriro, ntugasabe lisansi, kandi ugabanye igihombo mu mashyamba aho ibiti byasarurwa kuri lisansi. Abatekamuraga bateka kandi bemerera abaturage gukurikirana igihe cyo kwiga, ubucuruzi, ubuzima, cyangwa umuryango, cyangwa umuryango, cyangwa umuryango, cyangwa umuryango, cyangwa umuryango mugihe cyakoreshwaga mbere yo gukusanya inkwi. Abateka b'izuba bakoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye, Isiraheli, Ubuhinde, na Peru.

Ubwubatsi bw'icra

Mu gihe cyumunsi, ingufu z'izuba nimwe mubikorwa byo guhanura ubushyuhe, cyangwa kugenda kwubushyuhe kuva mumwanya ushyushye kuri cooler. Iyo izuba rirashe, ritangira ku isi n'ibikoresho byo ku isi. Umunsi wose, ibi bikoresho bikurura ubushyuhe mumirasire y'izuba. Mwijoro, iyo izuba rirenze kandi ikirere cyakonje, ibikoresho birekura ubushyuhe bwayo mu kirere.

Ubuhanga bwizuba bwizuba bukoreshwa kuri iki gicurarano gisanzwe no gukonjesha.

Amazu nizindi nyubako zikoresha imbaraga zizuba kugirango ukwirakwize neza kandi bidahenze. Kubara "misa yubushyuhe" ni urugero rwibi. Ubwinshi bwinyubako ni igice kinini cyibintu ashyushye umunsi wose. Ingero za misa yubushyuhe bwinyubako ni ibiti, icyuma, beto, ibumba, ibuye, cyangwa ibyondo. Mwijoro, miss yubushyuhe irekura ubushyuhe bwicyumba. Sisitemu nziza ya Ventilation-Yokohama, Windows, hamwe na Ducts yo mu kirere - Gukwirakwiza umwuka ushyushye kandi ugakomeza ubushyuhe bwo mu rugero, buhoraho.

Ikoranabuhanga ryizuba rikunze kugira uruhare mugushushanya inyubako. Kurugero, mubyiciro byateguwe byubwubatsi, injeniyeri cyangwa umwubatsi birashobora guhuza inyubako ifite inzira yizuba rya buri munsi kugirango ubone urumuri rwinshi. Ubu buryo bwitondera uburinganire, ubutumburuke, hamwe nigicu gisanzwe gitwikiriye agace runaka. Byongeye kandi, inyubako zirashobora kubakwa cyangwa gusubirwamo kugirango zigire ubushishozi, misa yubushyuhe, cyangwa igicucu cyinyongera.

Izindi ngero za socrac yubatswe ni igisenge cyiza, inzitizi zikaba, nibisenge bibisi. Ibisenge bikonje byasize irangi, kandi ugaragaze imirasire yizuba aho kubikuramo. Ubuso bwera bugabanya ingano yubushyuhe bugera imbere yinyubako, nayo igabanya imbaraga zikenewe kugirango dukosore inyubako.

Inzitizi zimbuto zikora kimwe nibisenge. Batanga ibitekerezo nibikoresho byerekana cyane, nka aluminium. Ibyokurya biragaragaza, aho gushiramo, ubushyuhe, kandi birashobora kugabanya ibiciro byo gukonjesha kugeza 10%. Usibye ibisenge no hejuru, inzitizi zimbuto zirashobora kandi gushyirwaho munsi yigorofa.

Ibisenge bibi ni ibisenge bitwikiriwe neza nibimera. Basaba ubutaka no kuhira kugirango bashyigikire ibihingwa, hamwe na lafer munsi. Ibisenge bibi ntabwo bigabanya gusa ubushyuhe bushingiye cyangwa bwatakaye, ariko kandi butanga ibimera. Binyuze kuri fotosintezes, ibimera ku gisenge kibisi bikurura karuboni dioxyde na emiti. Barangurura umwanda mumazi yimvura numwuka, kandi bakimya imyanya ingufu zikoreshwa muri uwo mwanya.

Ibisenge bibi byabaye umuco muri Scandinavia mu binyejana byinshi, kandi biherutse gukundwa muri Ositaraliya, Uburayi bw'i Burengerazuba bwa Sitaliya, Kanada, na Amerika. Kurugero, isosiyete ya Ford Ford yatwikiriye metero kare 42.000 (metero 450.000) yiteraniro ryayo ibisenge muri curful, Michigan, hamwe nibimera. Usibye kugabanya imyuka ya Greenhouse, ibisenge bigabanya umuyaga uhuha ukuramo santimetero nyinshi zimvura.

Ibisenge bibi kandi bikonje birashobora kandi kurwanya ingaruka "Ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bw'imijyi. Mu mijyi myinshi, ubushyuhe burashobora guhora hejuru kuruta ahantu hizewe. Ibintu byinshi bigira uruhare: Imijyi yubatswe yibikoresho nka asfalt na beto ikurura ubushyuhe; inyubako ndende zihagarika umuyaga n'ingaruka zayo zo gukonjesha; n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo guta imyanda butangwa ninganda, traffic, hamwe nabaturage bakuru. Ukoresheje umwanya uboneka hejuru yinzu kugirango utere ibiti, cyangwa kwerekana ubushyuhe hamwe nigisenge cyera, birashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwaho bwiyongera mumijyi.

Imbaraga z'izuba n'abantu

Kubera ko izuba rirenga gusa igice cya kimwe cya kabiri cyumunsi mubice byinshi byisi, ikoranabuhanga ryizuba rifite uburyo bwo kubika imbaraga mumasaha yumwijima.

Sisitemu yubushyuhe Koresha ibishashara bya paraffin cyangwa uburyo butandukanye bwumunyu kugirango ubike imbaraga muburyo bwubushyuhe. Sisitemu ya PhotoVoltaic irashobora kohereza amashanyarazi arenze iyi mbarika yaho, cyangwa ngo ubike ingufu muri bateri zishyuwe.

Hariho ibyiza byinshi nibibi kugirango ukoreshe ingufu z'izuba.

Ibyiza
Inyungu nyamukuru yo gukoresha ingufu z'izuba nuko ari umutungo ushobora kongera. Tuzagira urumuri rwinshi, rudafite imipaka rwizuba tuyindi myaka mirongo itanu. Mu isaha imwe, ikirere cy'isi cyakira urumuri rw'izuba rihagije kugira ngo amashanyarazi akeneye amashanyarazi ya buri muntu ku isi.

Imbaraga z'izuba zifite isuku. Nyuma y'ibikoresho by'imishinga y'izuba byubatswe no gushyirwaho, ingufu z'izuba ntabwo zikeneye lisansi gukora. Ntabwo kandi isohora imyuka ya Greenhouse cyangwa ibikoresho byuburozi. Gukoresha ingufu z'izuba birashobora kugabanya cyane ingaruka dufite kubidukikije.

Hano hari aho ingufu zizuba zifatika. Amazu ninyubako ahantu hafite urumuri rwizuba hamwe nigituba gito gitwikiriye amahirwe yo gukoresha imbaraga nyinshi zizuba.

Abateka b'izuba batanga ubundi buryo bwiza bwo guteka hamwe nubukorikori bwarashwe-kuri miliyari ebyiri zigishingira. Abateka b'izuba batanga uburyo busukuye kandi butekanye bwo kuzamura amazi no guteka ibiryo.

Ingufu z'izuba zuzuza izindi mbaraga zishobora kongerwa, nk'urumuri cyangwa hydroectric.

Amazu cyangwa ubucuruzi bushyiraho imirasire yizuba burashobora kubyara amashanyarazi arenze. Aba ba nyirurugo cyangwa bunessowners barashobora kugurisha imbaraga kubatanga amashanyarazi, kugabanya cyangwa no gukuraho imishinga y'amavuko.

Ibibi
Ibyingenzi byo gukumira gukoresha ingufu z'izuba nibikoresho bisabwa. Ibikoresho by'imitiri by'izuba bihenze. Kugura no gushiraho ibikoresho birashobora gutwara ibihumbi icumi byamadorari kumazu. Nubwo guverinoma ikunze gutanga kugabanya imisoro ku bantu n'ubucuruzi bakoresheje ingufu z'izuba, kandi ikoranabuhanga rirashobora gukuraho imishinga y'amashanyarazi, igiciro cyambere kigenda cyane kuri benshi gutekereza cyane.

Ibikoresho by'ingufu z'izuba nabyo biraremereye. Kugirango usubire inyuma cyangwa ushyireho imirasire y'izuba hejuru yinzu, igisenge kigomba gukomera, kinini, no kwerekeza ku nzira yizuba.

Byombi byizuba kandi byatsindiye Ikoranabuhanga ryizuba biterwa mubintu bitarimo, nkikirere nigicu. Uturere duho tugomba kwigwa kugirango tumenye niba imbaraga zizuba zaba ari nziza muri kariya gace.

Imirasire y'izuba igomba kuba myinshi kandi ihamye ku mbaraga z'izuba kuba amahitamo meza. Ahantu henshi kwisi, urumuri rwizuba rutandukanye rutuma bigora gushyira mubikorwa nkisoko yonyine yingufu.